Life Patterns

Duration

1991-2020

Overview

The Life Patterns research program is designed to follow patterns in young people’s lives over time to gain a longitudinal and holistic understanding of the ways in which two generations of young Australians are responding to our rapidly changing world.

The generosity and ongoing support of the Life Patterns participants has meant that this study has built up a unique picture of the reality of the lives of two generations. Over the past three decades, changes such as the need for more education, greater insecurity and precariousness in employment, and the decreasing relevance of traditional patterns of living have created conditions in which young people think of their lives as a personal project.

The Life Patterns research program:

• follows two generations of Australians – Cohort 1, who left secondary school in 1991 (corresponding to the popular notion of ‘Generation X’) and Cohort 2, that left secondary school in 2006 (corresponding to the popular notion of ‘Generation Y’). Multiple comparisons can be made between the two cohorts across different points in their lives.
• explores the pathways through different areas of life taken by Australian young people including their experiences in education, the labour market, their family and personal relationships, attitudes to life, concerns, and health and wellbeing.
• provides a unique picture of transitions, different from the stereotypes of smooth transitions from education to work, or of the narcissistic or complacent generation often described in the media or by politicians. The Life Patterns research program highlights the importance of paying attention to the diversity of experiences that characterise young people’s lives.
• generates insights that feed into policy advice and public debate and our work is often used by the media to dispute simplistic claims about young people.
• is designed to follow patterns in young people’s lives over time in order to gain more than a static glimpse. We are interested in developing a more dynamic picture of young people’s lives rather than a single snapshot in time.
• surveys Cohort 1 every two years (since the year 2000) and interviews a subset of 20-40 participants every third year, and surveys Cohort 2 yearly and interviews a subset of 30-50 participants every second year.
• is an ongoing project supported by the University of Melbourne, the Australian Research Council (ARC) and the research participants.

In 2015 a five year grant from the ARC was awarded to continue the program from 2016-2020. During this time the project will focus primarily (but not exclusively) on work, education and wellbeing. The project will generate new knowledge about the ways in which young adults manage new labour market realities, comparing two generations to explore the opportunities and risks associated with different levels and types of education, occupation, gender, socio-economic status and region and how this is changing over time.

The Life Patterns research program has been supported by the following grants from the Australian Research Council:

DP160101611. 2016 – 2020. Learning to make it work: work and wellbeing in young adulthood. Johanna Wyn, Dan Woodman, Helen Cahill and Andy Furlong (University of Glasgow).

DP1094132. 2010 – 2015. Young People Negotiating Risk and Opportunity: A reassessment of transition pathways, Johanna Wyn and Lesley Andres (University of British Columbia)

DP0557902. 2005 – 2009. Pathways Then and Now: new student transitions to adulthood in a comparative context, Johanna Wyn and Lesley Andres (University of British Columbia)

DP0209462. 2002 – 2004. Flexible career patterns: graduate redefinitions of outcomes in the new labour market, Johanna Wyn, Peter Dwyer and Lesley Andres (University of British Columbia).

A79803304.1998 - 2000. Typologies of youth pathways and the vocational integration of 1991-96 post-compulsory education participants in a comparative international context, Johanna Wyn and Peter Dwyer.

Quotes and expert comments

16 Jul 2020, "The Business and ABC News 24", Jenny Chesters

17 Feb 2020, "Sue White 'Understanding Australian life patterns'", Jenny Chesters

29 Jan 2020, "Reality of gig economy for graduates", Campus Morning Mail, Jenny Chesters

30 Jan 2020, "Uni degree no longer guarantees job security in growing gig economy" , Fairfax Press, Jenny Chesters

31 Jan 2020, "ABC Radio Sydney Breakfast with Wendy Harmer and Robbie", Jenny Chesters

31 Jan 2020, "Get a trade! How university graduates with a masters degree or PhD are FAR less likely to land a job than trained blue collar workers", Daily Mail, Jenny Chesters

30 Sep 2019, "In defence of hope: Towards a sociology of hope in crisis times", The Sociological Review, Hernan Cuervo

1 Jul 2019, "Generación Y: Los más educados y los que peor empleo tienen" (Gen Y: The most educated and the ones with poorer working conditions), Interview on SBS Spanish, Hernan Cuervo

2 Dec 2019, "Talkback: parental pressure on children's career choices" Interview in 'Life Matters' program with Hilary Harper, ABC Radio National, Hernan Cuervo

23 Oct 2019, "What are 21st century parents concerned about?", Pursuit, Eric Fu, Jenny Chesters, Hernan Cuervo

Julia Cook interviewed and cited as an expert in Smashed Avocado: How I cracked the Property Market and You can too (Nero, forthcoming 2019)

18 Sep 2018, "What do Gen X and Gen Y worry about most? Climate change.", Pursuit, Julia Cook, Jenny Chesters, Hernan Cuervo

19 Sep 2018, "Youth reveal their top concern in national survey", The Educator, Julia Cook

31 May 2018, "Millenials want the same as the rest of us, but can't afford it", Prusuit, Hernan Cuervo, Julia Cook

28 June 2017, "SES-education outcome link 'particularly weak': ACU's Gary Marks", Jenny Chesters

9 Nov 2017, "What millennials think about job security", interview on 'Life Matters', ABC National Radio, Hernan Cuervo

14 Dec 2015 "Why Gen Y are not all about themselves” Women’s Agenda, Catriona May

3 Dec 2015 "Generation Y struggling for job security” Jane Gardner

3 Dec 2015 "Why Gen Y are not all about themselves” Catriona May

8 Nov 2015 "Gen Y: Australia's most educated generation faces worst job prospects in decades” The Sydney Morning Herald, Inga Ting

2 Sept 2015 "21st century skills: How to future proof your career” News.com.au, Charis Chang

15 Mar 2014 ”Decoding millennial mystery” The Sydney Morning Herald, John Elder Dan Woodman quoted on Generation Y and the labour market.

31 Jul 2012 ”Narcissists Anonymous or the 'iGeneration” The Sydney Morning Herald, Sandy Smith
Johanna Wyn discusses and rejects the narcissistic label given to young people in Australia today.

29 May 2012 ”Celebrity is a growth industry” The Age, Tim Elliot
Johanna Wyn quoted on patterns of disadvantage and celebrity culture

5 Jun 2010 ”Working women X-rated” Herald Sun,
This article on the problems of young working women quotes Life Patterns findings

13 Oct 2006 ”Generation Cliché” Australian Financial Review, Kate Crawford (article limited access)

7 Oct 2006 "Hard Hearts, Tender years" The Age, Bridget Delaney
Johanna Wyn quoted on changing patterns of emotional life and partnering in the Life Patterns generations

21 Jan 2005 "The Turbulent Twenties" The Age, Richard Kerbau
This article on the instability of life and employment in young adults quotes Johanna Wyn and the Life Patterns project extensively

2 Jun 2004 "Dating games without frontiers" Sydney Morning Herald, Bridget Delaney
Johanna Wyn and the Life Patterns project quoted on dating, partnering and emotional life of young adults

18 Jun 2003 "The class of "91 grows up on its own terms" Sydney Morning Herald, Adele Horin and Alexa Moses.
Report on the latest findings of the Life Patterns Project, particularly on "the new adulthood" in the "almost-30s generation"

26 Jun 2003 "Y Generation Adrift" Herald Sun, Paula Beauchamp

14 Oct 2002 "Money- when X marks the spot" The Age, Dorothy Cook
Life Patterns researchers Johanna Wyn and Debra Tyler quoted on new financial situation of the generation of twenty year olds.

6 Aug 2000 "Freedom of Choice" Sunday Age, Liz Porter
Johanna Wyn explains the differences between today's twenty-something generation and their baby boomer generation counterparts of 30 years ago

10 Oct 1996 "Adrenalin Junkies who walk the line" The Age, Libby Lester
Johanna Wyn quoted on young males and risk taking

Opinion pieces

3 Dec 2015, "Opinion: Gen Y’s long road to security” Johanna Wyn, Hernan Cuervo, Dan Woodman and Jessica Crofts

27 Mar 2015 "Rising jobless rate means young workers lose in penalty rates deal" Dan Woodman, The Conversation

18 Jun 2014 "Pain now, rewards later? Young lives cannot be relived" Johanna Wyn and Hernan Cuervo, The Conversation

16 Jan 2012 "Biting the hand that feeds you" Dan Woodman, Sydney Morning Herald,
Dan Woodman writes about unstable and precarious employment amongst Generation Y

10 Mar 2011 "We love labels, but should know the limits before libelling Gen Y" Dan Woodman and Johanna Wyn, The Age, Two Life Patterns researchers criticise the simplistic clichés of generation labels

Video

Others

Generations - a week of special Conversation Hours and talkback on 774 Melbourne ABC radio.
Johanna Wyn and Dan Woodman discuss Generation X and Generation Y with Prue Bentley and John Faine.
The podcasts can be found here: http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2014/03/14/3963743.htm

The Life Patterns project produces regular updates in the form of Youth Research Centre research reports and participant reports. These are available online and are also sold through the Youth Research Centre. Findings from the project have also contributed to books, book chapters and journal articles.

Books

Youth and the New Adulthood: Generations of Change

Wyn, J., Cahill, H., Woodman, D., Cuervo, H., Leccardi, C., Chesters, J. (Editors), 2020. Youth and the New Adulthood: Generations of Change, Springer: Singapore.

This book investigates the life trajectories of Generation X and Y Australians through the 1990s and 2000s. The book defies popular characterizations of members of the ‘precarious generations’ as greedy, narcissistic and self-obsessed, revealing instead that many of the members of these generations struggle to reach the standard of living enjoyed by their parents, value learning highly and are increasingly concerned about the environment and the legacy current generations are leaving for their children and remain optimistic in the face of considerable challenges.

Drawing on data from the Life Patterns longitudinal study of Australian youth (an internationally recognised study), the book tells the story of members of these ‘precarious generations’. It examines significant dimensions of young people’s lives across time, comparing how domains such as health and well-being, education, work and relationships intersect to produce the complex outcomes that characterize the lives of members of each of these generations. It also explores the strategies these generations use to make their lives and the ways in which they remain resilient. While the book is based on Australian data, the analysis draws on and contributes to the international literature on young people and social change.

Youth and Society: Exploring the Social Dynamics of Youth Experience

White, R., Wyn, J., & Robards, B. 2017. Youth and Society: Exploring the Social Dynamics of Youth Experience (4th Edition) Oxford University Press: Melbourne.

Youth and Society is the most accessible and comprehensive textbook on the sociology of youth. Now in its fourth edition, it has been significantly revised to reflect the latest research in an overview of key debates, research and theories of how young people fit into contemporary society. Led by an expert author team, the new edition provides a comprehensive overview of youth studies. Using both Australian and global examples, the book takes a holistic approach to the concept of youth and how they shape their lives. The new edition comprises four new chapters: Chapter 2: Ways of Knowing, Chapter 6: Place and Mobilities, Chapter 13: Networked Youth and Social Media and Chapter 14: Chemical Cultures. New pedagogical features including key terms and case studies assist students in their learning and engagement.

Purchase the book

Youth and Generation: Rethinking change and inequality in the lives of young people

Woodman, D., and Wyn, J. 2015. Youth and Generation: Change and Inequality in the Lives of Young People, London: Sage.

The promise if youth studies is not simply in showing that class, gender and race continue to influence life chances, but to show how they shape young lives today. Engaging with the central debates in contemporary youth studies, Dan Woodman and Johanna Wyn argue that understanding new forms of inequality in a context of social change is a central challenge for youth researchers. Youth and Generation sets an agenda for youth studies building on the concepts of 'social generation' and 'individualisation' that have been central to the analysis of the Life Patterns longitudinal study, to suggest a framework for thinking about change and inequality in young lives in the new century.

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Handbook of Childhood and Youth Studies

Wyn, J., and Cahill, H. (Eds) 2015. Handbook of Childhood and Youth Studies, Singapore: Springer.

This handbook gives a new scientific perspective to youth and childhood studies as multi scientific and interdisciplinary subjects which as such have not yet found their own framing in a particular discipline. It provides theoretical and methodological key debates and issues that develop and add an understanding of childhood and youth research discipline from a broader perspective. The Handbook on Children and Youth Studies draws on current thinking, but also challenges theoretical and conceptual orthodoxies in the field, drawing on interdisciplinary thinking and critical perspectives. It focuses on childhood and youth to address the emerging consensus that the boundaries between childhood, youth and adulthood are blurred. The view that defining youth and childhood largely in terms of problem topics is out dated. Instead, the handbook focuses on 13 themes that are open to international perspectives and to different conceptual approaches. Each theme is edited by a pair of field editors, thereby capturing a plurality of views. The 13 themes as a starting point are globally timely and they need scientific debates on the boundaries between childhoods, youth and adulthood. This handbook will meet the needs of childhood and youth researchers and the academics in the field. It recognizes the changing social context of the lives of children and young people, while developing theoretical frameworks and discussing about the core substantive issues of Children and Youth Studies.

Youth and Society: Exploring the Social Dynamics of Youth Experience

White, R., & Wyn, J. 2013 (3rd Edition). Youth and Society: Exploring the Social Dynamics of Youth Experience, First edition 2004, second edition 2008.

Young People Making it Work: Continuity and change in rural places

Cuervo, H., and Wyn, J. 2012. Young People Making it Work: Continuity and Change in Rural Places, Melbourne University Publishing: Melbourne.

This book examines a generation's lives in rural Australia over the last two decades. Against a backdrop of dramatic social, economic and environmental change, it tells the story of how a generation of young people have strived to remain connected to the people and places that matter to them. It transcends the assumption that rural places are one of deficit and disadvantage to focus on the ways in which powerful narratives of belonging are conceptualised. Cuervo and Wyn provide new insights about youth transitions and young adulthood that are relevant not only to the rural context but to all young people.

Purchase this book as a print-on-demand paperback or as an e-book.

Youth and Society: Exploring the Social Dynamics of Youth Experience

White, R., Wyn, J., and Albanese, P. 2011. Youth and Society: Exploring the Social Dynamics of Youth Experience, Canadian Edition, Oxford University Press: Toronto.

Youth and Society is a comprehensive textbook that provides an in-depth overview and critical discussion of key issues, research, and theoretical developments in the sociology of youth. Providing a broad sociological understanding of 'youth in society, ' the book examines the experiences and concerns of young people across a variety of institutions including the family, school, work and employment, and criminal justice. Current research on the circumstances of young people in Australia is examined critically and compared to similar studies conducted internationally. Written especially for undergraduate students of sociology, education, youth work, social work, criminology and community studies. Youth and Society is the most informed and up-to-date textbook that evaluates and explores the issues affecting young people today.

For we are young and… Young people in a time of uncertainty

Beadle, S., Holdsworth, R and Wyn J. (Eds). 2011. For we are young and… Young people in a time of uncertainty. Melbourne University Publishing: Melbourne.

For we are young and ...? offers a provocative perspective on Australia's young people against a global and local backdrop of uncertainty and change. It asserts the importance of a critically informed and positive approach to youth, moving beyond seeing young people through the lens of shortcomings and problems to be solved. For we are young and ...? draws directly on the work of the Youth Research Centre at The University of Melbourne and its legacy of innovative and significant research on young Australians. Opening with the theoretical context of youth research, the book draws on contemporary examples to discuss new conceptual and research approaches; the ways in which young people participate in change and the challenges and possibilities that are presented by current conditions. For we are young and ...? identifies emerging issues and future directions for youth research, policy and professional practice.

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The Making of a Generation: Children of the 1970s in Adulthood

Andres, L. Wyn, J. 2010. The Making of a Generation: The Children of the 1970s in Adulthood, University of Toronto Press.

Lesley Andres and Johanna Wyn  draw on fifteen years of research with the first cohort of the Life Patterns study of young Australians and the Paths on Life’s Way study of young Canadians. It seeks to answer the question of how a generation is made. The two longitudinal data bases enable a unique analysis of the evolution of a generation over time at both the micro and macro levels. It shows how new inequalities are shaped, how education has become a proxy for class and how this generation has had to become proactive, flexible and motivated.

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Youth and society: Exploring the social dynamics of youth experience (1st Edition)

White, R., Wyn, J. 2004. Youth and society: Exploring the social dynamics of youth experience (1st Edition). Australian Journal of Social Issues, Sydney.

Youth and society: Exploring the social dynamics of youth experience (2nd Edition)

Youth and society: Exploring the social dynamics of youth experience (2nd Edition). Oxford University Press: Melbourne (2008).